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<title>Subtext (programming language)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subtext (programming language)</span></span>

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<p><b>Subtext</b> is a moderately <a href="Visual_programming_language" title="Visual programming language">visual programming language</a> and environment, for writing <a href="Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a>. It is an experimental, research attempt to develop a new <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming</a> model, called Example Centric Programming, by treating copied blocks as first class prototypes, for program structure. It uses live text, similar to what occurs in <a href="Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">spreadsheets</a> as users update cells, for frequent feedback. It is intended to eventually be developed enough to become a practical language for daily use. It is planned to be open software; the license is not yet determined.

</p><p>Subtext was created by Jonathan Edwards who submitted a paper on the language to <a href="OOPSLA" title="OOPSLA">OOPSLA</a>. It was accepted as part of the 2005 conference.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2></div>

<p>Early video previews of the Subtext environment were released circa 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demonstrated the semantics of Subtext programs, and the close integration with the Subtex environment and runtime.

</p><p>Subtext programs are declared and manipulated (or mutated) by adding and linking elements of various types to a syntax tree, and entering in values or names as necessary, as opposed to typing out textual programs. Due to the design of the Subtext language and environment, there is no distinction between a program's representation and its execution. Like spreadsheets, Subtext programs are live executions within an environment and runtime, and programming is direct manipulation of these executions via a <a href="Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical environment</a>. Unlike typical <a href="Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional programming</a> languages, Subtext has simple semantics and is easily applicable to reactive systems that require mutable state, I/O, and concurrency, under a model known as "Reactive Programming".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">Console</a> input ("invocations") can be utilized via data flow within a Subtext program, allowing users to manipulate values interactively.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coherence">Coherence</h2></div>

<p>A continuation and subset of the Subtext language using other principles,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <b>Coherence</b>, an experimental programming language and environment, which uses a new model of change-driven computation called "Coherent reaction", to coordinate the effects and side-effects of programs interactively as they are being developed. The language is specialized for interactive application software, and is being designed by the creator of Subtext, Jonathan Edwards, who reports upon its development by publishing white papers.

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Side effects are both the essence and bane of imperative programming. The programmer must carefully coordinate actions to manage their side effects upon each other. Such coordination is complex, error-prone, and fragile. Coherent reaction is a new model of change-driven computation that coordinates effects automatically. Automatically coordinating actions lets the programmer express what to do, not when to do it.</p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Jonathan Edwards, <i>Coherent Reaction</i>, <a href="MIT_CSAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT CSAIL">MIT CSAIL</a></p></div>

<p>State changes trigger events called reactions, that in turn change other states. A coherent execution order is one in which each reaction executes before any others that are affected by its changes. A coherent order is discovered iteratively by detecting incoherencies as they occur and backtracking their effects. The fundamental building block of Coherence is the dynamically typed mutable tree. The fundamental abstraction mechanism is the virtual tree, whose value is lazily computed, and whose behavior is generated by coherent reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subtext-lang.org/OOPSLA04.pdf">Example Centric Programming</a> Jonathan Edwards. In OOPSLA October ’04. Describing IDE improvements using advanced UI techniques to present the results of a program during development, instead of the programmer interpreting the program code mentally. Screenshots from a prototype IDE using <a href="Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> illustrate the techniques with functional examples.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subtext-lang.org/OOPSLA05.pdf">Subtext: uncovering the simplicity of programming</a> Jonathan Edwards. In OOPSLA October ’05: Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM SIGPLAN conference on Object-oriented programming, systems, languages, and applications.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subtext-lang.org/OOPSLA06.pdf">First Class Copy & Paste</a> Jonathan Edwards. MIT CSAIL draft paper in March 2006. Detailed description and illustrations of the various functional programming elements within the first Subtext environment, including data flow, assignments, "action" invocation, current and hypothetical data state, concurrent transactions and operation of a console agent.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subtext-lang.org/Onward09.pdf">Coherent Reaction</a> Jonathan Edwards. In OOPSLA Onward '09. Documents the beginnings of an experimental programming language loosely based upon Subtext, which uses "Coherent reaction", a new model of change-driven computation to coordinate the effects and side-effects of programs automatically. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45563">(report)</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Cited</dt></dl>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subtextual.org/demo1.html">Introduction to Subtext, I/O and Mutable state</a>, first Subtext environment video demo</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.subtextual.org/OOPSLA06.pdf">First Class Copy & Paste</a>, MIT CSAIL draft paper by Jonathan Edwards in 2006.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430153310/http://coherence-lang.org/">Coherence home page</a>, states continuation of Subtext</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/45563">DSpace@MIT : Coherent Reaction</a>, CSAIL Digital Archive, Technical Reports</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subtext_(programming_language)" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Subtext (programming language)">Subtext (programming language)</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://subtextual.org/">Subtextual.org</a>, official website of Subtext.</li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subtext_(programming_language)&oldid=1288757261">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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